My favorite Organ is the American invented and manufactured Hammond Organ.Synthesizers of today, attempt to reproduce or emulate the unique, rich sound quality of the original mighty Hammond organ, powered by a Leslie rotating speaker cabinet. While some do a better job than others, a true enthusiast with a good ear can tell the difference between emulation and the original thing.
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With today's advanced technology at a muso's disposal, one may still find a Hammond organ and Leslie speaker cabinet in dedicated music studios, Churches and bands.
Here I share a brief explanation of the Hammond organ and Leslie speaker cabinet, including my current CD album, Music For-Life. I decided to not get into great detail regarding history of the Hammond organ, for there are many dedicated web sites with this information. In general. I'm more interested in the practical side of the instrument. This is where most of my time and energy has been spent with these wonderful creations. There are many models and series of the Hammond Organ. Although, here, I mostly refer to the two models that I have owned and am familiar with. In my time, I've owned two spinet models; the spinet Hammond model L-222, and currently the M-101. I also own a self-built Leslie speaker cabinet. This particular Leslie is amplified with a Bi-amplifier [dual solid state amplifiers]. One amp powers the woofer [bass speaker], and a separate amp powers the tweeter [driver]. The output signal from the Hammond organ is crossed over at 800 Hz by an electronic crossover, prior to amplification. A 200 watt mos fet amp amplifies frequencies 800 Hz and above, to power the driver. Frequencies from 800 Hz down are amplified with a separate 300 watt solid state amp. The crossover, amps, top motors including the Leslie cabinet were built and put together by yours truly. The bottom end of the Leslie is part of a "Leslie-18", but a heavily customized Leslie-18 at that. The original Leslie-18 contained a 12" Jensen woofer with a matching styrene rotating drum assembly. I re-fashioned the original styrene drum assembly with fibreglass to suit a 15" RCF bass speaker or woofer, which was quite a task to achieve, to say the least. The greatest challenge was to physically "balance" the fibreglass-styrene mixed-media drum assembly, to prevent vibration when the assembly is spinning around at tremolo [fast speed]. |
Feel free to Download and listen to 6 tracks from my current CD album, titled--
[links to tracks far down this web page]
The Tone Wheel GeneratorThe unique sound of the console and spinet Hammond organ is the outcome of a combination of both electronic and mechanical systems. The popular Hammond models incorporate electronic valves or vacuum-tubes as part of the electronic circuitry, which produces a rich, warm sound. By spinning an assembly of numerous round metal cogs [tone wheels], in a tone wheel assembly, by which each cog has a waveform pattern fashioned around the edge of each tone wheel, and with an electromagnet coil pick-up fixed close to the edge of each spinning tone wheel, is how an electronic signal or tone is generated. The weak electronic signal is fed through a valve [tube] amplifier, which drives an audio speaker to create an audible musical note or tone, when a key is depressed on the Organ's keyboard. If you can imagine this... a round cog with many teeth rendered along the outer edge. If we place the end of a toothpick for here say, along the edge of the cog while the cog spins, a note is produced--- correct?! The more teeth are rendered on the edge of the cog, or the faster the cog rotates, the higher the pitch of tone created--- correct?! Yes indeed in fact. This is basically how the Hammond organ produces the rich, unique, individual tones and their harmonics. Whereas with the Hammond organ, an electronic pickup replaces the toothpick in the above representation, and the tone wheel represents the toothed-cog. The tone wheel assembly in the Hammond organ is comprised of numerous individual tone wheels, which is roughly the number of drawbars multiplied by the number of keys of the upper keyboard manual, in addition to the number of bass peddles by its drawbar number. An ex-watch maker in the USA Laurens Hammond was the inventor of the Hammond organ in April 1935. One can understand how toothed cogs go hand-in-hand with the Hammond organ, by simply dismantling an old clock to investigate the many toothed cogs that exist inside the clock, and compare this with the tone wheel assembly unit of the console/spinet Hammond organ. Similar to a good Swiss watch not losing time, as the saying goes, so too a Hammond organ can not lose tuning, as long as the cogs are spinning at the correct speed, by the electronic circuitry providing the correct electric current to the motor driving the tone wheel assembly. The tone wheel generator can be exploited, as has been the case by many a Hammond organist in rock bands in earlier days, including yours truly, to create interesting sounds, or tonal effects. If the tone wheels are exposed and accessible to the organist playing the organ, the tone wheels can be manipulated with the fingers to slow down the rotation of individual tone wheels, or a few tone wheels can be manipulated simultaneously. This creates a whaling-type sound, similar to an old fashion Police car or Fire truck siren. Jon Lord of the Deep Purple rock band often exploited this, especially at the end of the famous song, Highway Star. However, and thanks to better recall, in that section of the song, I believe that the Organ's power was switch off and then switched back on again. This action due to the power cutoff, the cogs of the tone wheel assembly are slowed right down and then spin up when the power is switched back on, while the valve-driven amplifier is still warm so continues to amplify the deranged tone produced from the altered rotation of the tone wheel assembly. This produces a winding down and winding back up or wailing sound effect. Rick Wakeman, the keyboard player of the Yes experimental rock band also enjoyed applying a similar sound effect. I am curious to know who in fact was the first Hammond organist to do this in a live venue, or in a studio setting. I learned of this effect by shear accident, or should I state by experimentation, and then later put two-and-two together after hearing it applied by Jon Lord on a Deep Purple vinyl album in my early teens. The Drawbars or Tonal ControlsTo control the type and colour of sound of the Hammond, we have what's referred to as Drawbars or harmonic tonal controls. The drawbars are similar to stops in a pipe organ. Drawbars provided the organist with a wide degree of control over the tone and colour of sound. Each drawbar is marked in feet to represent the length of a pipe in the pipe collection of a pipe organ. These start at the left with a drawbar marked as 16' [Bass] and go all the way to the right represented as a 1' drawbar [Sifflote], with variations in between. There are three coloured banks of drawbars, brown, black and white. These represent and control sub-octave, fundamental and their octave and harmonic tones. E.g. 16' drawbar is one octave below the 8' drawbar. Each drawbar is numbered along the top edge from 0 to 8. These numbers represent a volume adjustment number for that particular drawbar. In effect, drawbars are volume sliders. Depending on the model, there are from 9 drawbars for the upper manual and 8 for the lower manual and at least one drawbar for the bass pedals. The combination called registration, is a representation of how far the drawbar is pulled out, and which particular drawbars are drawn out. This is what gives the Hammond organ the type of timber or colour of sound. E.g., 88 8000 000 a favourite registration used by many popular organists, means that the 16', 5-1/3' and 8' draw bars are pulled all the way out [8 or full volume], and the rest are all off [0 or no volume]. The combination of these registrations can virtually count in the thousands. Harmonic PercussionAnother effect that the hammond organ is famous for and which can add to the richness of the warm or harsh sound as required, is Harmonic Percussion. The spinet models have two Harmonic Percussion selections, 2 and 3. These are a reproduction of the second and third harmonic drawbars. The source of each Harmonic Percussion is wired directly to the drawbar-controlled tone wheels for each setting, 8' [2] and 2-2/3' [3]. Both Harmonic Percussions are switched on with a tablet switch, which adds the harmonic to the attack envelope of a note when played. In the spinet models, only one Harmonic Percussion can be switched on at any one time, and one will cancel the other when switching between the two. The attack tone fade-out can be set to fast or slow, loud or soft. When an harmonic percussion is switched on and notes are played on the keyboard, when a key is held down and another key is pressed while the first key is still held down, the second key will have the remanding percussion attack and decay to the envelope left over from the first key played the triggered the percussion. And if the percussion attack, sustain and decay has ended and another key is played, and all the while the first key and any following key has been held down, there is no more percussion left if any other key or the same key is played. Harmonic percussion is reset when the original key that excited the initial percussion or any other key played there after without a break in between, has been lifted. This alone provides the organist with a potential to create beautiful, rich brilliant interesting sounds and effects. Key-Click and Sound ArtifactsKey click including electronic cross talk or the bleeding of all the tones being generated by the tone wheel generator bled into any played note or tone, especially evident with specific low end or bass registrations, is unique to Hammond Organs. This electronic noise is shunned and avoided in today's electronic circuits and amplifiers, however, these are what give the Hammond a subtle beauty unique to the Hammond sound. Spring ReverberationThe Hammond organ M-101 and L-222 including other Hammonds include switchable spring reverberation. The L-100 series has a completely different reverberation circuitry than the M-100 the latter has what is refereed to as stereo reverberation. This is because the M-100 series has separate valve circuitry just for reverberation, which drives a separate dedicated speaker of the organ, to produce a stereo-like sound between the reverb driver and the non-reverb or dry driver. The drawback to this is in the event of wring up an M-100 organ to a Leslie speaker system, special circuitry is required to bring the organ's reverb into the output of the organ non-reverb circuitry, so that they can be amplified by a single input of the Leslie speaker system. Where as the L- series reverb went to the output as one signal. Jon lord and others including Rick Wakeman, were renown for rocking their Hammond organs on stage, and this was performed to intentionally create thunder-like sound effect, whereby the spring reverb units collide with the housing of the reverb chamber. I recall doing this by share accident when my L-222 was moved while it was switched on. It was both a frightening and exciting experience, when it first occurred. |
Because of the mechanisms to produce the sound, the combination of the drawbars followed by valve or tube amplification which is further driven by a Leslie Speaker cabinet, is what gives the Hammond organ a distinct, unique, rich warm sound. This is unmatched by any transistor or microchip-designed organ or synth of today, for these can only mimic the sound quality of a true Hammond organ powdered by a Leslie speaker cabinet. Hammond organ... can produce sound effects similar to the roar of a Tiger or the shimmer of percussive Crystal glass. Not forgetting other talented and innovative Hammond organ jazz musicians, including the jazz-bluesie artist Jimmy Smith, Joey DeFrancesco, John Medeski, Art Neville, Michael Omartian, Mike Finnegan, Ricky Peterson, Tommy Eyre, Larry Goldings, Reuben Wilson, Mick Weaver, Jack McDuff. This particular group of artists were chosen to celebrate the Hammond B3 on the music CD, Organ-Ized. The bluesie Jimmy McGriff, Dr. Lonnie Smith and last by by no means least, and to include a female among a male dominating scene, Ms Pitts, whom Joey DeFrancesco explains in his own words, "Ms Pitts is one bad organist....a deep groove, TRUE harmonic knowledge and wonderful creativity. Definetly deserving of wider recognition. I'd play with Ms Pitts anytime (Joey 3/05)". No other electronic organ can generate such a sweet, yet gutsy sound, either to Praise the Divine Creator of Life's Name, or, to rock the socks off your dancing feet! |
Hammond organ sounds wonderful by itself, but when a Leslie speaker is wired up as the power amp, the sound is-- breathtaking to the breathing ear!
Leslie speaker cabinets share common ground with the mighty Hammond organ. They are both based around a mechanical and electronic system. A Leslie speaker is a large wooden cabinet, with cut-out louvers situated at the top and bottom 3 sides of the cabinet. The sound escapes out from the louvers. A Leslie cabinet contains both a fixed tweeter [driver] situated at the upper area or the cabinet, and a woofer [bass speaker] fixed facing down at the bottom end. The driver has a matching dual flared rotateable horn fixed to it [one horn is closed for balancing the weight and the other horn has an open port or active horn for the sound to escape]. The woofer is fixed facing down into a large rotateable drum assembly. In early models, the drum was rendered from wood, while it's common to find a molded styrene drum assembly in some later models. The drum assembly is shaped in such a way, that the sound coming down from the fixed woofer radiates down and out one side of the drum. The sound waves are guided outwardly by a flared flooring rendered as part of the drum assembly. I guess one could say that a Leslie speaker cabinet is both an amplified mechanically-driven phaser cross- chorus, or screaming vibrato-like effects machine in one... Phew! |
The effect of a Leslie speaker is created mostly by the Doppler effect. An example of this effect is when a car blowing its horn is heading toward you, the pitch of the horn is high, due to compression of the sound waves. As the car passes by, the pitch is lower. The Leslie's rotating upper-horn and lower-drum assemblies, cause a similar effect to the sound of the instrument being amplified, but within a wooden cabinet. As both assemblies rotate toward you, the sound waves are compressed, raising the pitch. As the assemblies rotate away from the ear, the sound waves are expanded-- lowering the pitch. Also, the shape of the inner cabinet itself, adds a degree of variation or dimension to the Doppler effect. As the sound waves hit the inner walls and corners of the cabinet, phase variations of the sound are created, which blend with the Doppler effect. On top of this, the sound is physically thrown all around the space that you and the Leslie occupy. All these factors together, create an amazing, rich euphoric effect, which only a Leslie speaker cabinet can produce. |
Another side effect [pardon the pun], is the actual time-difference it takes to spin up from slow speed and then down from fast speed between the upper horn and lower drum assemblies. The bottom drum is heavier than the tweeter's horn assembly. This effects the low frequency spectrum 800 Hz down, because it takes longer to spin up, and then down than the upper horn assembly between fast and slow, or tremolo and choral respectively. On the other hand, the high frequency spectrum from 800 Hz and above driven by the upper driver, spins rapidly when switching between the two slow and fast speeds. The variation in speed-change between the high and low frequency spectrum, creates a unique effect on its own. This phenomena is quite a challenge to synthesize or emulate electronically with a Leslie FX unit, or digitally, it is difficult to address accurately. However, emulating the leslie effect is rather easy to achieve once one understands the basic principles. I've designed an electronic Leslie FX unit, which emulates a Leslie quite well, but that's another story, which I won't get into any great detail here. A number of independent software emulators now do a reasonable job at reproducing both the Hammond Organ, and the Leslie speaker effect. I'd be happy to mention them here, if any company is interested in providing me with a free sample of their software package:) Ther |
The M-101 my current Hammond Organ  | Playing the Hammond "L-222 Rhythm II" in my teens. Rhythm II means that an inbuilt electronic drum machine is included in this particular L-series model.
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| Playing the same Hammond L-222 at two stages of my life. |
I was fortunate enough to own my first Hammond model L-222 at the age of 11. My father purchased this first organ for me, which I enjoyed right up into my mid-thirties, well, until my right hand was damaged in an accident. A doctor suggested that I probably would never be able to play keyboards again, and regretfully, I decided to sell both my L-222 Hammond and a self-customized 145 Leslie speaker cabinet. Shortly after self prescribing and applying a Comfrey root poultice to my damaged hand, my hand finally ended up healing to perfection. A few years later, a friend located a Hammond model M-101 for sale in a Church nearby. Of course, I was quick to snap it up... and she's one real beauty. Shortly after this, I built another Leslie speaker cabinet, so once again I am a proud owner of my Numero uno favourite organ... the mighty... |
[Click on any picture for an enlarged view]
The original tag that came attached to the spring reverb unit.
Hammond Model M 100 Owners Playing Guide
The Porter Heaps in Pointers for the Home Organist.
Pamphlet with models and specs of each model [Side A ]
[Side B]
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Six music tracks below are from my current CD album Music For-Life presented here in high quality mp3 format. There are 3 complete songs for your pleasure Let's say Kefir!Angels Reach and Sayonara Whalers. Download them to your iPod or mp3 player for free. Otherwise listen to them on your computer, and ENJOY! Most tracks include sections incorporating Hammond organ with a Leslie speaker. Other organ sounds in certain tracks are generated with a Korg N5ex music synthesizer. Leslie speaker effect in some tracks were generated with software manipulation that I experimented with. The style of music varies between Reggae-dub to modern-dance styles with a degree of ambience-fusion. If you would like to purchase the CD Music for-life which includes a11 tracks altogether, please send me an e-mail for cost-to-supply details. |
| Compassion Sample | Livin Heart Sample | Ayranites Sample |
| Let's say Kefir! Complete | Angels Reach Complete | Sayonara Whalers Complete |
Track Description and Lyrics01. Let's Say Kefir! I'm often asked how to pronounce the word Kefir which is a nutritious, health-promoting yogurt-like beverage origin of the Caucasus Mountains. So, I decided to compose a song to include folks from around the world, how they say kefir, to demonstrate how kefir is pronounced in different countries. The music genre of this track is reggae-dub. It includes dubbed voices of some of my Friends made in Kefir from around the world, whom at some point were or still are subscribed to my kefir internet lists. These are William from Canada, Molly and Beverly from USA, Alexander also from USA but originally from Russia, Anja, one of my kefir list moderators from Germany and H. Ibrahim Tutuncuoglu from Turkey [H.I.T.] As Ibrahim's initials stand, are they not quite fitting for this hit song?!-- I think so [hence I feel so]. Those folks were kind enough to record their voices pronouncing Kefir on their personal computers, and then provided the recording as a wav file by email. Their voices were later dubbed in the mix by yours truly. BTW, dubbed means to insert or transfer one recording into another, creating an new, single mix. Thanks go to all of you kind folks. Thanks also go to my wife Sandra and to our daughter Shedea, whose voices are included in the mix along with my voice. Parents who have obtained the CD have found the kefir song of good value, for our daughter offers kefir to me and to Sandra [in that order] in the song, which has enticed other children to drink their kefir, for good nutrition and health. Reggae Kefir-cheers! Lyrics [Spoken Word Intro] [Dom- yours truly] How do YOU pronounce the word, spelt K. E. F. I. R? [William] I used to say keh-kef-keh-feer, but now it's keh-fear 02. Symbiosis [u 4 i and i 4 u] Single celled organisms inspired this song, and it mostly has to do with micro/macromically workable relationships, or the hope that it can and does exist among/with human-culture. This track is what I would classify as classical-reggae fusion. Lyrics [Music intro] Symbiosis [Spoken word] [Bridge] [Spoken word] Symbiotic, relationship. 03. Free-Dom [to choose] Well, this is just one of those songs with a meaning, one that is individual to each and everyone of us. This song has a lively reggae-style backbone. Lyrics [Music intro] Freedom Freedom Freedom to choose-ah! Freedom to choose [Bridge] Freedom to choose-ha! Freedom Freedom Freedom to choose-ah! [Bridge] Freedom Freedom Freedom to choose-ah! Freedom to choose [repeat] 04. Release [Free your mind] This song rejoices each evolving revolution of Earth's orbit around the sun. In other words it's a continuous rejoice! A celebration of any yearly event, such as birthdays, anniversaries, or new year celebration etc. The original inspiration for this song was to express the freeing of a native parrot that I came across while driving. The Rainbow lorikeet, which I came to name Venus was injured by another vehicle driving ahead of me. I rescued the beautiful bird and took it under my wing for 2 months, and treated her injured wing with natural means. This sort of thing with animals has occurred throughout my life, occurring on a regular basis. Lyrics [Spoken word intro] Release 05. Sayonara [whalers] As I was writing and producing this song, I thought to myself, "Why in Heavens am I writing a song about saving whales? I feel like an old hippie, for whaling for profit has been banned since 1986 [moratorium! by the IWC] ". Alas, some 6 months later (3-6 July 2000), I learned that the Japanese and Norwegians were contesting the ban on Whaling for profit. The meeting was actually held right here in Adelaide, South Australia, just a stone-throw away from where I was living at the time. On a local TV news program, they aired an anti-whaling protestor speaking up against the proposition of lifting the ban on whaling. This protestor stated something like so, "We are protesting for our children. We want our children to enjoy Whales. What legacy are we leaving them, if we lift the ban on whaling and begin once again murdering whales near to the point of extinction, or to extinction!?". A Japanese representative for the pro-whaling campaign replied the argument with, "Children do not matter!" The natural question here is, if there's little to no concern whatsoever for children in that culture, or at least by one representative of the Japanese pro-whaling culture, then what chance do whales have, if the current ban on whaling for profit is lifted?! Whales need even more protection now, more than than ever before! It become clear to me that this song was a calling, one that I have to see through. This song can be a useful tool for campaigns such as Greenpeace in raising more awareness in the saving of the whale populations. And pease, DON NOT forward the argument that the Japanese do not contest other cultures, those whom e.g., eat Cow's meat so the Japanese can justify the unnecessary slaughtering of whales for their meat. Those cultures FARM THEIR COWS and not go STEELING THEM, as the Japanese have been doing under the guise of Scientific research. That's complete Bull and we all know it! this is simply a loophole that the Japanese are able to exploit! It To those human-cultures who wish to kill whales for meat or for so called Scientific lies, go farm your own whales and in your own waters. Or else, Sayonara, whalers! If you would like to sign a petition to stop whaling, please do your bit and go to the following web site- Whale's Revenge Please pass this on to as many folks as you can. If you want to do something about the unnecessary slaughtering of our lovingly, gentile, majestic creatures of our great oceans, then here's your chance to reply to our Whales' song for HELP! Please don't think that I am stating the above on prejudice ground. I have a web page dedicated to a better portion of culture-foods of Japan, those that most of us can dig [est]! In my own word I like to finish of with-- Mother, Japan! Give us MIso, your koji, sake, but whale meat? Not thanks! It would be like eating my own family, and I have come close enough to a living whale to know this, to feel this, and to acknowledge this. Lyrics [Music intro] [I just gotta toast this one] We don’t need no blubber, from no Whales [I just gotta toast this one] Whale, at starboard bow ! [I just gotta toast this one] Today
we got the power [I just had to toast this one] Note Toast in this sense means spoken word to reggae [or to reggae dub]. Toasting is the predecessor to rap, or rap came from toasting to reggae, so I believe. 06. What more [can I ask for?] Everything has its place, even this song. This is about not overdoing it. I wrote this particular song after I broke my hand, from overworking, and not keeping focus, for I was over tiered and did not take a break to recharge. Lyrics [Music intro] What more do I need, baby [Bridge] What do I need, baby [Bridge] Walk over with me, baby What more do I need, baby You know that! 07. Ayranites Dedicated to Lovers-for-life and Ayran, a culture-milk beverage and above all-- True Love never gives up or knows a full stop Lyrics [Music intro] Your love is in my heart 08. Angels Reach This is an instrumental dedicated to my two late Angels. I feel the presence of my late Daughter and Son, Angelica and Gabriel, and this song portrays how this makes me feel. 09. Compassion A song about self-medication and the mind-set around this reality. Lyrics [Music intro] [You lovin me] [Bridge] [Ionized beats!] In a world, with little compassion [Bridge] In a world, with little compassion Solutions, in vitro,
to problems, in vivo 10. Big Front [Big Back] Say sorry, politrician!.. for the crimes done against the Indigenous Australian Aboriginal people. This view point tries to reason why our current Prime minister [John Howard] fails to apologize on behave of his former political peers, to the Australian Aboriginal people for the stolen generations. Reconciliation is futile unless there is a formal public apology made by a Prime Minister, to the Australian Aboriginal people. UPDATE.This song is finally
outdated! Most musicians would not like their music to be outdated, but I celebrate it in this particular case! I am happy to announce here, that our newly elected and current Prime Minister [Kevin Rudd] on behalf of his past and present political peers, publicly said SORRY to
the Indigenous Australian Aboriginal people, for the Stolen Generation. See Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's statement at parliament house in Canberra saying sorry to the Indigenous people of Australia, at You Tube--- Lyrics [Spoken Word Intro] The bigger the front, [The J Girls] You run to the north You went to school [The J Girls] The bigger the front, [Dub Bridge] The bigger the front, the bigger the back my friend [The J Girls] [The J Girls + Dom singing in Rounds] The bigger the front, 11. Livin Heart Good-bye song wishing to whom can feel, if not see or hear, Peace, Joy, Health and Prosperity. Lyrics [Music intro] No more mess, not missed Joy Life Life May you bathe in the fountain of Love, May you bathe in the fountain of Love, Joy [Bridge] [Joy] May you bathe in the fountain of Love |
PEACE, without a full stop
Links of InterestLaurens Hammond and Don Leslie - The Story of the Leslie Speaker by Charles Richard Lester Unearthing the mysteries of the Leslie Cabinet - A great article on Leslie cabinets by Clifford A. Henricksen. First published in Recording Engineer/Producer magazine, April 1981. Hammond Organ and A Whiter Shade of Pale - Some neat links here at procolharum.com. Who is this "Matthew Fisher"?.. anyway!? [I've never heard of the Dude... he must be cool, though ;^] OH congratulations are in order dude, for winning the case regarding the copyright of Whiter Shade of Pale! I hope you're satisfied with the copyright percentage that was judged in your favour by Mr Justice Blackburne! www.organizedservices.com - Hammond organ service manuals. Hammond and Leslie age determination list - Determine the age of your Hammond or Leslie cabinet. Captain Foldback's Hammond and Leslie page - A great site with manuals and schematics. Olaf's Hammond page B-3 Organ, Hammond Organs & Leslie Speakers Company Joey DeFrancesco's home page - One of my favourite Jazz organ artists. A true inspiration with the most accurate delicate touch and feel for the Hammond. Joey puts meaning into the harmonics of the Hammond sound. |
About Milk Kefir + Water Kefir | Making Milk Kefir & Water Kefir + Recipes with Kefir | Making Kefir Cheese Kefir Sourdough Pizza + Bread
Kefirkraut Cultured Veggies with Kefir Grains | Preserving Food with Kefir | Nutritional and Chemical Composition of Milk Kefir | Kefir FAQs
Seed, Nut + Soy Milk Recipes + Kefir & Viili made from these + Rejuvelac | Nutritional Value of Different Fresh Milk-Types
Culture-Foods of Asia | Kombucha & Vinegar Making | Cooking Tip for Better Tasting Food & Healthier Herbal Tea
Dom's ToothSaving Paste | Beeswax Utensils for Safer Brewing | Cod Liver Oil + Vitamin A & D Therapy
Angelica's Story | Sandra & Dom's Artwork | My Music + Hammond Organ + Leslie Speaker
 Hammond Tonewheel Organ Webringby MOSweb Online! |
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Updated October 8, 2008
Created, published, maintained and Copyrighted © by Dominic N Anfiteatro [dna] 1999-2007. All rights reserved. Do not link any material, including images to this site, without permission granted by the copyright holder. Stating my copyright is important, and I shall not hesitate to enforce it. Folks need to understand that they cannot just freely make copies of my hard work and claim it as their own. Instead, feel free to feel privileged or fortunate that I share my intellectual property here for free, for your knowledge and enjoyment. I am only an e-mail away to be asked permission to use any of my work in any shape or form, other than for the intention of private personal use. Now that's an offer one should not refuse.
